Nizamiyyah
- Nizamiyyah
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Une Nizamiyyah (en persan : نظامیه, Nezāmiyeh) est une institution médiévale d'éducation supérieure fondée par Nizam al-Mulk au XIe siècle dans ce qui est aujourd'hui l'Irak, l'Iran et l'Afghanistan. L'appellation Nizamiyyah dérive de son nom. Fondées au début de l'Empire Seldjoukide, les Nizamiyyah sont considérées comme un modèle de madrassa — écoles religieuses islamiques.
Les Nizamiyyah ont été les premières universités bien organisées dans le monde musulman. Elles y bénéficiaient d'un enseignement de la plus haute qualité et étaient même renommées en Europe. Elles étaient soutenues financièrement, politiquement et spirituellement par les classes régnantes et les élites.
La Nizamiyyah la plus renommée était celle de Bagdad (fondée en 1065), où Nizam al-Mulk nomma comme professeur le théologien et philosophe Al-Ghazali. Le poète perse Saadi ou encore l'écrivain et biographe de Saladin, Imad al-Din al-Isfahani y furent étudiants. D'autres nizamiyyah se trouvaient à Amol, Nichapur, Balkh, Herat et Isfahan.
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